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Do It The Right Way With
Take The Control
Kemetals
Metal Buildings & Structures
Tower
Steel Metal Tower But From Bottom View Structural Prospective
Store
Modern Pre-engineered Buildings Made Of Light Built Up Sections & Cold Formed Purlins & Girts
Hangar
Military Aircraft Hangar Made of built Up Steel Columns And Roof Trusses
UniPole
Support for Cables, Transmission, Sign Boards made from Single Steel Pipe Column
Crane
Giant outdoor Gantry Heavy Crane
Glazing
Mullions to Support Stunning Architectural Glazing System
Bridge
Truss Bracing For Bridge Chord
"MultiStory
Flat Bar Diagonal Bracing For Multistory Steel Building
Bridge
Classic Historical Riveted Bridge Over a River
Hanger
Giant Passangers Aircraft Arched Hangar
Bridge
Walk Way On The Top Truss Chord Of Suspended Bridge
Metal Structures design
is the art of selecting the structure optimum
sections
&
connections
from
materials
which their properties are
uncertain
and assessing developed stresses & displacements using
approximate
analysis
methods under
probable
combinations
of
loads
that their values
can only be predicted
so that to have a fully safe serviceable economic structure.
by anonymous author
Sections
Enormous number of different shapes and designations is available for Steel Sections, they are used with different reference specifications that set required dimensions and tolerances for each, Below is illustration of sample of most commonly used Hot Rolled
I
Shapes used in the metal structures
HD
EN 10365
Wide flange columns
HE
EN 10365
Wide flange beams
HL
EN 10365
Extra Wide flange
HP
ASTM A6
Wide flange piles
IPE
EN 10365
Parallel flange
IPN
EN 10365
Taper flange
J
EN 10365
Taper flange
S
ASTM A6
Sloped inner flange
W
ASTM A6
Wide flange
ISMB
IS 808
Medium Weight Beam
Cold Formed
Sections are also intensively used in Metal Structures, while they are commonly used as secondary framing elements in pre-engineered building and structure steel buildings, however those light sections can be used as main elements in light construction including residential multistory buildings and they are also referred as
Light Gage
section, below are some common section shapes
L
Simple Angle
C
Simple C Shape
Σ
Simple Sigma Shape
Z
Simple Z Shape
M
Simple Multi Beam
Ω
Hat Or Omega Shape
L
Lipped Angle
C
Lipped C Shape
U
Lipped U Shape
Z
Lipped Z Shape
Box
Opened Box Shape
Connections
Metal Members Connections may include different arrangements of plates, cleats and stiffeners as per structural design requirements but typically all connections include either
bolts
or
welds
or both in the same connection.
Structural Bolts are available with mild and high strength grads, The most recognized International Specifications for structural Bolts are:-
American
ASTM A325
, A490 and the recent
F3125
and many others
European Bolts mechanical properties & Grades are according to
EN ISO 898
while specifications for Shape & dimensions includes ISO 4015, ISO 4017, ISO 4018 and many others
Indian Standard main structural bolts specification is
IS 1363
.
Most specialized standard comprehensive set of Welding codes is the
American welding Society AWS
, European standards for welding includes
EN ISO 15609
, EN ISO 15614 and many others, Indian Standards for welding includes
IS 817
, IS 818 and many others.
Welding
Bolting
Below illustration of Sample Connection for Mezzanine beams to one web side main frame column with upper diagonal members with tube sections and a stitched portal bracing column on the other side.
Connection 2D Illustration
Illustrative Solid 3D
Annotated Solid 3D
The interactive same above detail is in the below
3D Web viewer
, Hold left mouse button and move to navigate and explore all connection components.
Take The Control
The design of connections can be the most
critical
task in the process of designing metal buildings and structures as mostly connections failure modes are
brittle
unlike ductile failure within the steel members, Applicable Design codes usually gives certain component capacities while the complicated stresses distribution inside the connection itself are either obtained by research driven closed form equations or by solving
finite elements
computer simulation, sample output for simulation performed by
Kemetals
of the above connection is in below slide.
Normal Stresses
Shear Stresses
Bolts Forces
Deformations
Materials
-- .
Analysis
Typically all Structures are composed of a large number of members that are connected to each other’s and interacting to one another just same as any
living being
, all members experiences stress and strains. The structure responds to the external loads by creating load paths through its members, those
load paths
are depending on size, arrangement, material and type of connections between different members, the mathematical method that Engineers use to calculate straining actions on different members is the
Structural Analysis that is based on Theory Of Structures.
The concept of framework analysis emerged during the period from 1850 to 1875, at this time the concepts of
matrices
were being introduced and defined, These concepts are the foundations of
matrix structural analysis
, which did not take form until nearly 80 years later to form what is know The
Direct Stiffness Method
.
The Demomstration of a sample simple beam stiffness matrix is as below
Beam Elastic Line
The strainging actions of a Simple Beam at both Ends 1 & 2 can be evaluated using the following Matrix Form as a function in the beam elastic line above deformed shape:
{
V
1
M
1
V
2
M
2
}
=
E
I
L
3
(
12
6
L
−
12
6
L
6
L
4
L
2
−
6
L
2
L
2
−
12
−
6
L
12
−
6
L
6
L
2
L
2
−
6
L
4
L
2
)
{
v
1
θ
1
v
2
θ
2
}
The above now is in the form
{
p
}
=
[
K
]
{
d
}
The Beam stiffness matrix [K] is :
[
K
]
=
E
I
L
3
(
12
6
L
−
12
6
L
6
L
4
L
2
−
6
L
2
L
2
−
12
−
6
L
12
−
6
L
6
L
2
L
2
−
6
L
4
L
2
)
The strainging actions of a Simple Beam at both Ends 1 & 2 can be evaluated using the following Matrix Form as a function in the beam elastic line above deformed shape:
V
1
M
1
V
2
M
2
=
E
I
L
3
(
12
6
L
−
12
6
L
6
L
4
L
2
−
6
L
2
L
2
−
12
−
6
L
12
−
6
L
6
L
2
L
2
−
6
L
4
L
2
)
{
v
1
θ
1
v
2
θ
2
}
The above now is in the form
{
p
}
=
[
K
]
{
d
}
The Beam stiffness matrix [K] is :
[
K
]
=
E
I
L
3
(
12
6
L
−
12
6
L
6
L
4
L
2
−
6
L
2
L
2
−
12
−
6
L
12
−
6
L
6
L
2
L
2
−
6
L
4
L
2
Combinations
-- .
Loads
-- .